Parameters and WHO 2021 reference limits
The parameters assessed include: volume (≥1.4 ml), concentration (≥16 million/ml), total count (≥39 million), progressive motility PR (≥30%), morphology (≥4%), and vitality (≥54%). These values are always interpreted together, never in isolation.
Normal profile
The main parameters are within the WHO lower reference limits.
Borderline picture
A minor deviation in a single parameter warrants repeat testing in 8-12 weeks.
Abnormal picture
Significant deviations or a combined abnormality call for a complete andrological work-up.
Clinical use
It is used in the work-up of infertility, after an infection or treatment, and before varicocele surgery or assisted reproduction. A single abnormal result is never enough for a definitive diagnosis.
